I came across the symbol that looks like an upside-down triangle, and coming in front of a function $f(x,y)$. What does that mean?
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$\begingroup$The upside-down triangle is likely a gradient operator in this context:
$$\nabla f(x,y) = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\hat{x} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\hat{y}.$$
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