I am trying to find the $n$'th derivative of $f(x)=e^{1/x}$. When looking at the first few derivatives I noticed a pattern and eventually found the following formula
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}f(x)=(-1)^n e^{1/x} \cdot \sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} x^{-2 n+k}$$
I tested it for the first $20$ derivatives and it got them all. Mathematica says that it is some hypergeometric distribution but I don't want to use that. Now I am trying to verify it by induction but my algebra is not good enough to do the induction step.
Here is what I tried for the induction (incomplete, maybe incorrect)
$\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm d^{n+1}}{\mathrm dx^{n+1}}f(x)&=\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dx}(-1)^n e^{1/x} \cdot \sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} x^{-2 n+k}\\ &=(-1)^n e^{1/x} \cdot \left(\sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} (-2n+k) x^{-2 n+k-1}\right)-e^{1/x} \cdot \sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} x^{-2 (n+1)+k}\\ &=(-1)^n e^{1/x} \cdot \sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k}((-2n+k) x^{-2 n+k-1}-x^{-2 (n+1)+k)})\\ &=(-1)^{n+1} e^{1/x} \cdot \sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k}(2n x-k x+1) x^{-2 (n+1)+k} \end{align*}$
I don't know how to get on from here.
$\endgroup$ 76 Answers
$\begingroup$How's this?
$$\left(\sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} \left(-2n+k\right) x^{-2 n+k-1}\right) - \left(\sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} x^{-2 \left(n+1\right)+k}\right) =$$
$$= \left(\sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} \left(-2n+k\right) x^{-2\left(n+1\right)+k+1}\right) - \left(\sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} x^{-2 \left(n+1\right)+k}\right) =$$
$$= \left(\sum _{k'=1}^{n} \left(k'-1\right)! \binom{n}{k'-1} \binom{n-1}{k'-1} \left(-2n+k'-1\right) x^{-2\left(n+1\right)+k'}\right) - \left(\sum _{k=0}^{n-1} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} x^{-2 \left(n+1\right)+k}\right) =$$
$$= \left(\sum _{k'=0}^{n} \left(k'-1\right)! \binom{n}{k'-1} \binom{n-1}{k'-1} \left(-2n+k'-1\right) x^{-2\left(n+1\right)+k'}\right) - \left(\sum _{k=0}^{n} k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} x^{-2 \left(n+1\right)+k}\right) =$$
$$= \sum _{k=0}^{n} \left(\left(k-1\right)! \binom{n}{k-1} \binom{n-1}{k-1} \left(-2n+k-1\right) - k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k}\right) x^{-2 \left(n+1\right)+k}$$
Then $$\left(k-1\right)! \binom{n}{k-1} \binom{n-1}{k-1} \left(-2n+k-1\right) - k! \binom{n}{k} \binom{n-1}{k} =$$
$$= \frac{\left(k-1\right)!n!\left(n-1\right)!\left(-2n+k-1\right)}{\left(n-k+1\right)!\left(k-1\right)!\left(n-k\right)!\left(k-1\right)!} - \frac{k!n!\left(n-1\right)!}{\left(n-k\right)!k!k!\left(n-k-1\right)!} =$$
$$= \frac{n!\left(n-1\right)!\left(-2n+k-1\right)k}{\left(n-k+1\right)!\left(n-k\right)!k!} - \frac{n!\left(n-1\right)!\left(n-k\right)\left(n-k+1\right)}{\left(n-k\right)!k!\left(n-k+1\right)!} =$$
$$= \frac{n!\left(n-1\right)!}{\left(n-k+1\right)!\left(n-k\right)!k!} \left(\left(-2n+k-1\right)k - \left(n-k\right)\left(n-k+1\right)\right) =$$
$$= \frac{-n\left(n+1\right)n!\left(n-1\right)!}{\left(n-k+1\right)!\left(n-k\right)!k!} =$$
$$= -\frac{\left(n+1\right)!}{\left(n-k+1\right)!} \binom{n}{k} =$$
$$= -k! \binom{n+1}{k} \binom{n}{k}$$
$\endgroup$ 2 $\begingroup$Peter's and Mike's answers have clearly settled this question; I'll just explain the OP's mention of "Mathematica says that it is some hypergeometric distribution". More specifically, one wonders how Mathematica might have arrived at the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function ${}_1 F_1\left({{a}\atop{b}}\mid x\right)$.
We start with the transformed Maclaurin series:
$$\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=1+\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac1{x^k k!}$$
and then differentiate the series termwise, using the formula
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}x^{-k}=\frac{(-1)^n (n+k-1)!}{(k-1)! x^{k+n}}$$
to yield
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^n}{x^n}\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(n+k-1)!}{k!(k-1)! x^k}$$
which can be reindexed like so:
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^n}{x^n}\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(n+k)!}{(k+1)!k! x^{k+1}}$$
and rewritten in terms of Pochhammer symbols to yield
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^n}{x^n}\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{n!(n+1)_k}{(2)_k k! x^{k+1}}$$
or, expressed hypergeometrically,
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^n n!}{x^{n+1}}{}_1 F_1\left({{n+1}\atop{2}}\mid \frac1{x}\right)$$
It's not immediately obvious that this one can be expressed in terms of $\exp(1/x)$ multiplied by a finite sum, but we can then apply the Kummer transformation to the hypergeometric function like so:
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^n n!}{x^{n+1}}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right){}_1 F_1\left({{1-n}\atop{2}}\mid -\frac1{x}\right)$$
and find that the hypergeometric function has a nonpositive numerator parameter $1-n$ for $n > 0$, which means it can be expressed as a terminating series (since the Pochhammer symbol $(1-n)_k$ is $0$ for $k \geq n$):
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^n n!}{x^{n+1}}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(-1)^k (1-n)_k}{k!(k+1)!x^k}$$
Rewriting the Pochhammer symbol in terms of factorials, we get
$$\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm dx^n}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)=\frac{(-1)^n n!}{x^{n+1}}\exp\left(\frac1{x}\right)\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(n-1)!}{(n-k-1)!k!(k+1)!x^k}$$
which is equivalent to the formula you obtained.
My point here, I guess, is that hypergeometric functions are nothing to be uncomfortable with; if it helps, just consider them as shorthand for certain (in)finite sums.
$\endgroup$ 1 $\begingroup$Here's a completely elementary argument that I like better than my previous answer that uses the Faà di Bruno formula. All that is required are the Maclaurin series for $e^x$ and the definition of the Lah numbers $L(n,k)$ as the coefficients arising when converting rising factorial powers to falling factorial powers via $$x^{\overline{n}} = \sum_{k=1}^n L(n,k) x^{\underline{k}}.$$
First, substitute $1/x$ for $x$ in the Maclaurin series for $e^x$ and differentiate $n$ times. This yields $$\frac{d^n}{dx^n} e^{1/x} = (-1)^n x^{-n} \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \frac{j^{\overline{n}} x^{-j}}{j!}.$$
Then convert rising powers to falling powers to obtain
$$\frac{d^n}{dx^n} e^{1/x} = (-1)^n x^{-n} \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k=1}^n L(n,k) \frac{j^{\underline{k}} x^{-j}}{j!}.$$
Working with the summation in $j$, we have $$\sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \frac{j^{\underline{k}} x^{-j}}{j!} = \sum_{j=k}^{\infty} \frac{j^{\underline{k}} x^{-j}}{j!} = \sum_{j=k}^{\infty} \frac{j! x^{-j}}{(j-k)! j!} = \sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^{-i-k}}{i!} = x^{-k} e^{1/x},$$ where the last step uses, once again, the Maclaurin series for $e^x$.
Thus we have $$\frac{d^n}{dx^n} e^{1/x} = (-1)^n e^{1/x} \sum_{k=1}^n L(n,k) x^{-n-k},$$ which is just your formula with an index change, as $$L(n,k) = \binom{n}{k}\binom{n-1}{k-1} (n-k)!.$$
(From another perspective, this is computing the rising factorial moments of a Poisson $(1/x)$ distribution. With this in mind, converting to falling factorial powers seems reasonable, as the falling factorial moments of a Poisson distribution have a known simple expression. See also this related answer to a previous math.SE question.)
$\endgroup$ 0 $\begingroup$You can get the same result using the Faà di Bruno formula and Bell polynomials.
The Faà di Bruno formula says that $$\frac{d^n}{dx^n} f(g(x)) = \sum_{k=0}^n f^{(k)}(g(x)) B_{n,k}\left(g'(x),g''(x),\dots,g^{(n-k+1)}(x)\right),$$
where $B_{n,k}(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_{n-k+1})$ is a partial Bell polynomial.
Since $f(x) = e^x$, and $g(x) = 1/x$, we have$$\frac{d^n}{dx^n} e^{1/x} = \sum_{k=0}^n e^{1/x} B_{n,k}\left(-x^{-2},2x^{-3},\dots,(-1)^{n-k+1}(n-k+1)!x^{-n+k-2}\right).$$
It is known that $B_{n,k}(1!,2!,\dots,(n-k+1)!) = \binom{n}{k}\binom{n-1}{k-1} (n-k)!$, a Lah number (see Wikipedia on Bell polynomials or Comtet's Advanced Combinatorics, p. 135). Thus (keeping track of signs and powers of $x$),$$\frac{d^n}{dx^n} e^{1/x} = (-1)^n e^{1/x} \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}\binom{n-1}{k-1} (n-k)! x^{-n-k},$$which is just your formula with an index change (and where $\binom{n-1}{-1} = 0$).
$\endgroup$ 0 $\begingroup$We may obtain a recursive formula, as follows: \begin{align} f\left( t \right) &= e^{1/t} \\ f'\left( t \right) &= - \frac{1}{{t^2 }}f\left( t \right) \\ f''\left( t \right) &= - \frac{1}{{t^2 }}f'\left( t \right) + f\left( t \right)\frac{2}{{t^3 }} \\ &= - \frac{1}{{t^2 }}\left\{ {\frac{1}{{t^2 }}f\left( t \right)} \right\} + f\left( t \right)\frac{2}{{t^3 }} \\ &= \left( {\frac{1}{{t^4 }} + \frac{2}{{t^3 }}} \right)f\left( t \right) \\ \ldots \end{align} Inductively, let us assume $f^{(n-1)}(t)=P_{n-1}(\frac{1}{t})f(t)$ is true, for some polynomial $P_{n-1}$. Now, for $n$, we have \begin{align} f^{\left( n \right)} \left( t \right) &= - \frac{1}{{t^2 }}P'_{n - 1} \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)f\left( t \right) + P_{n - 1} \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)f'\left( t \right) \\ &= - \frac{1}{{t^2 }}P'_{n - 1} \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)f\left( t \right) + P_{n - 1} \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)\left\{ { - \frac{1}{{t^2 }}f\left( t \right)} \right\} \\ &= - \frac{1}{{t^2 }}\left\{ {P'_{n - 1} \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right) + P_{n - 1} \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)} \right\}f\left( t \right) \\ &= P_n \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)f\left( t \right) \end{align} Thus, \begin{align} f^{\left( n \right)} \left( t \right) = P_n \left( {\frac{1}{t}} \right)f\left( t \right) \end{align} where, $P_n \left( x \right): = x^2 \left[ {P'_{n - 1} \left( x \right) - P_{n - 1} \left( x \right)} \right]$, $P_0=1$.
$\endgroup$ 0 $\begingroup$For $i\in\mathbb{N}$ and $t\ne0$, we have\begin{equation}\label{exp-frac1x-expans}\tag{1} \bigl(\textrm{e}^{1/t}\bigr)^{(i)}=\textrm{e}^{1/t}\frac{(-1)^i}{t^{2i}}\sum_{k=0}^{i-1}\binom{i}{k}\binom{i-1}{k}{k!}t^{k}. \end{equation}To the best of my knowledge, an inductive proof of the derivative formula \eqref{exp-frac1x-expans} was published on pages 123--124, Section 2.1, Theorem 2.1 of the paper [1] below. Hereafter, there have been a number of literature, for example, the papers [2, 3] below and those collected at a site on wordpress, dedicated to the investigation of the function $\textrm{e}^{1/t}$, the derivative formula \eqref{exp-frac1x-expans}, and their applications to several areas in mathematics.
References
- Xiao-Jing Zhang, Feng Qi, and Wen-Hui Li, Properties of three functions relating to the exponential function and the existence of partitions of unity, International Journal of Open Problems in Computer Science and Mathematics 5 (2012), no. 3, 122--127; available online at .
- Siad Daboul, Jan Mangaldan, Michael Z. Spivey, and Peter J. Taylor, The Lah numbers and the $n$th derivative of $e^{1/x}$, Mathematics Magazine 86 (2013), no. 1, 39–47; available online at .
- Khristo N. Boyadzhiev, Lah numbers, Laguerre polynomials of order negative one, and the $n$th derivative of $\exp(1/x)$, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Mathematica 8 (2016), no. 1, 22–31; available online at .
